How do I apply the MATCH() function only to a filtered range? Or is there another way to do that?

I have a filtered list of values. Let's say I have the numbers from 0 to 5, and 2 is filtered out:

A (with auto-filter against "2")01345

Now I want to find out whether one of the values in another sheet is part of that filtered list. Yet, with MATCH(2;A;0) I still get the output 3 even though this row 3 is not in the filtered range.

The MATCH() function does not know the filter, that is why I get match results that are not in the filtered range.

How do I apply a sort of MATCH() function only to a filtered range? Or is there anything else that leads to the needed output?

As it turns out from the answer, this question is almost the same for Microsoft Excel (with the very small change in newer Excel versions that you may not need the matrix trigger Ctrl+Shift+Enter anymore, but just Enter). That is why this gets an Excel tag as well.